We have chronicled the damage that Bernanke’s pursuit of QE and near-zero rates have done to savers. Mainly, we’ve focused on short-term implications for those investors who rely on their savings to create income for immediate consumption. But what about the folks who are looking at the pie charts and the promises of over a millions dollars in retirement income? Ah, the powers of compounding. Yes, I have in front of me the literature from 2 national financial service firms that strongly suggest that you too can retire a millionaire for as little as $60/week. Of course there are no guarantees, but the details and assumptions to this rosy scenario on steroids are buried in fine print that you’d need an electron microscope to read.

The obvious conclusion most people draw is that interest rates fluctuate and the phenomenon we’ve witnessed over the past year or so will be transient and eventually higher rates will cycle in and restore the cash flows of fixed income investors. After all, that is what has always happened before, right? Not so fast. There are a couple of reasons to believe this won’t happen anytime soon.

As the graphic below outlines, the Treasury Dept (including debt service) is the third largest line item in the actual FY 2009 budget, at over $700 billion. According to Treasury Direct, the interest paid on the national debt in FY2009 was around $383 Billion. This constitutes an average interest rate of just over 3.1%. Doing a little projecting, if the deficit runs at the estimated $1.5 trillion for FY 2010, the Treasury will need to pay out an additional $431 Billion to service the debt assuming the same 3.1% average interest rate. If early results mean anything though, the amount might be much higher. In the first four months of FY2010, the Treasury has already paid out $164 Billion in debt service, which is setting a pace for nearly $500 Billion. For FY2009, tax revenues were $2.211 Trillion and interest payments on the debt ate up 17% of tax receipts. If the current trend in FY2010 continues, debt service will gobble up around 22% of tax receipts by the time the fiscal year ends next September 30.

While 17% doesn’t sound too bad, think about paying nearly 1/5 of your net income every year to credit card companies. Not a real appetizing thought, but certainly this application of sanity couldn’t apply to the federal government.

The Problem

The problem here lies in the fact that the national debt is forecast to increase dramatically in the next 10 years. Estimates range anywhere from $18 to $23 Trillion depending on whose forecast you’d like to use. Let’s use $18 Trillion as our test case. At this level, assuming an average interest rate of 3.1%, debt service by 2019 will cost around $558 Billion per year. If tax revenues don’t change, debt service will eat up 25% of tax receipts. The conclusions that can be drawn from this simple analysis are pretty clear. If the government intends to provide the same levels of service on entitlement programs and maintain other government spending, the deficit will need to increase each year just to accommodate the additional debt service. This is called a spiral. It is akin to the family taking cash advances on a VISA to pay off Mastercard. I am sure there are many who will disagree with this rationale and call me all sorts of vile names for suggesting that we’re spending beyond our means and that somehow this really isn’t a good thing. Unfortunately, in reality, this situation is actually worse than the above paragraph indicates for a second, less publicized reason.

Artificial Interest Rates

Let’s start at the beginning here. Interest rates are payments given to lenders of capital for the privilege of using their money for a period of time. At a very minimum, the interest rate should ensure that the lender’s purchasing power doesn’t diminish due to making the loan. In other words, at the very least, interest rates must equal inflation. Such a situation is generally referred to as ‘free money’ since the lender isn’t actually being compensated for the loan in real terms.

When discussing the federal government and its inclination to spend beyond its means, interest rates are a very important topic at the US Treasury, as they should be. This is one of the reasons why government officials, Fed chairmen, and the absentee press generally try to temper inflationary expectations. If lenders expect inflation, then they’re going to want to see higher interest rates.

I have argued for several years now in this column that inflation in the US is grossly understated, and that it is done for both political expediency and out of absolute necessity, especially in an era of ballooning government debt. John Williams at shadowstats.com estimates (using previous BLS methodologies) that price inflation in the US is currently around 6% per annum. If we had free market interest rates, we would expect the yield curve to start somewhere around 7%, assuming John’s numbers are accurate, and there is no reason to believe that is not the case. It is very easy to see the implications this would have for debt service.

Let’s assume for a moment that under a free market interest rate environment, the US Government could achieve an average borrowing cost of 6.7%, allowing for a similar spread between price inflation and the mean interest rate as what we observe now. Debt service in FY2009 would have been $831 billion and devoured 38% of tax receipts. In 2019, using the same assumptions as previously mentioned, debt service would be $1.2 Trillion and eat up a whopping 55% of tax receipts. I understand there are many assumptions made here, many of which might fluctuate over the period, but the goal of the exercise is to make the simple point that the US cannot afford market interest rates.

It should now be easy to see why inflation is consistently understated, and why the FOMC and its minions are quick to temper inflationary expectations. While that might work to a limited extent when dealing with the general public, does anyone think for a minute that investors around the world don’t know what is going on here? Most of them are doing the exact same thing, albeit to a lesser extent, so you can bet they do.

In Conclusion

Many might look at the above analysis and wonder why it is any big deal. Keep the rates buried at near zero and we can keep getting ‘free money’, right? The problem is that mispriced capital leads to misallocation of the same. The gross misallocation of capital is one of the main ingredients of the ongoing financial crisis. It was willfully done by the Fed previously and it is being done again. These actions will virtually guarantee more misallocation of capital, more bubbles, and more unpleasant results. For savers, the news continues to be bad. We have demonstrated why it is in the government’s interest (a necessity really) to keep rates as low as possible. That means a continuation of the ridiculously low money market, CD and savings account rates. No doubt the pie charts referenced at the top of the essay will need some changing; it seems someone’s taken a few slices away.

This Week in the Markets

US equity markets are getting hammered early this Thursday morning on news that first time jobless claims jumped to 496,000 last week. First time claims have been trending upward over the past few weeks. Yesterday, new home sales put in the worst performance in the history of the data series. This despite the extension of the tax credit program for first-time (and now other) homebuyers. Bad weather was blamed for much of the sour performance. It seems recently the weather is getting blamed for any data point that isn’t in line with the ‘slow but steady recovery’ mantra being put out by the establishment. Oil is back at the $80 mark after being beaten down over the past couple of weeks. On the demand side, petroleum product demand appears to be bottom bouncing; any serious increase in demand will be bad news for consumers at the pump this summer. Forecasts are already in for an average pump price of $3.25-$3.50 this summer.

This tiny emirate nation-state is 164th in total landmass, 159th in population, and 123rd in population density. Oddly enough, Qatar is 65th globally in terms of GDP, but is number two in per capita GDP (on a purchasing power parity basis) at over $86,000 per annum. They are second only to Lichtenstein.

This past week, this small country, known primarily for its exporting of natural gas managed to garner $28 Billion in orders for a $7 Billion bond auction. Given the still partially fractured state of global credit markets, this level of interest borders on remarkable. The $28 Billion bond sale is the largest by an emerging market player to date.

What is not so remarkable, however, is why this level of interest was present in this bond auction. The small nation state listed among its purposes for proceeds from the auction infrastructure projects, international oil and gas investment, and the purchase of stakes in companies such as Volkswagen. Perhaps we in the Unites States should take notice as the seats at our own bond auctions continue to empty and we edge further down the dangerous path of overt monetization.

This situation shines a good deal of light on the proven economic principle that capital formation comes from foregoing of consumption and the resulting investment. Even though credit has gotten a bad name recently, it plays a vital role in any healthy economic system. Borrowing money to build productive capacity and to make strategic acquisitions that will produce cash streams to pay for themselves is a wise use of credit. This is where the US has departed from the tenets of economic common sense and descended into the depths of absurdity.

What makes a place like Qatar such an obvious choice for foreign direct investment is the fact that the government has 8 consecutive years of budget surpluses. The citizens are extremely productive in terms of per capita GDP. There is no income tax, which results in lower societal debt burdens. Qatar’s external debt obligations are $55.79 Billion as of 12/08, which translates to 55% of GDP. While 55% is rather high, compare it to the over 90% here in the US. Furthermore, Qatar is unencumbered by unfunded future liabilities. Strategically, Qatar is in an excellent position as the vast majority of its national wealth comes from its natural gas reserves. The country also has approximately 15 billion barrels of crude oil in reserve according to the IEA. Perhaps more importantly, Qatar is positioning itself for the inevitable time when its income from energy exports dwindles. These are clearly carefully calculated long-term moves. The debt growth is disturbing, but at least for now, the borrowings are being put to productive uses. Time will tell if Qatar maintains fiscal discipline or opts for the same path as many Western nations.

The borrowing news from the Middle East is not all productive however. Dubai, decimated by the simultaneous bursting of multiple asset bubbles along with the crash in energy prices in 2008 was able to raise nearly $2 Billion. The Dubai Tourism Development & Investment Co. was able to raise $1 Billion. Given that its primary focus is the development of hotels, it would indicate that there is still a good deal of foolish money out there searching for a place to live.

Still, adapting the old saying, a lousy hotel investment is still better than a good US Government debt obligation apparently. If these recent developments don’t demonstrate the ongoing metamorphosis of the global financial structure, then nothing will. Maintaining reckless fiscal behavior here at home will continue to have a deleterious affect on our currency, our ability to finance future activities legitimately, and ultimately our standard of living.

The lesson in this week’s news is a simple one: use credit wisely and for productive purposes and there will be demand at your bond auctions. Behave foolishly and you’re going to have empty seats and the need to monetize.

Nearly three months have passed since then and almost every piece of data that has come across this desk has validated the claims made back in February.

Just aside of the factors we mentioned in the February article, which were the CRB Index, Gold, and West Texas Intermediate Crude, there is another major indicator of this phenomenon and that is the stock market. From the 3/6/2009 bottom through today, the Dow Jones Wilshire 5000 Index raced from 6935 to 9342; an increase of 34.71%. More importantly though, lets look at it in terms of dollars. The value of the Wilshire 5000, which is one of the broadest measures of US market capitalization increased by $2.407 Trillion during that relatively short period of time.

It is utterly preposterous to assume that Mr. and Mrs. America dug in the couch and found that kind of money and decided to invest it. It is even more preposterous considering the environment that the real economy is dealing with at this time. Job losses have been staggering and persistent, it is demonstrably difficult for the unemployed to find work, and house prices are still falling like an elephant dropped from the Empire State Building. How else do we know this increase didn’t come from the real economy? Let’s look at past behavior. When the government handed out $168 billion in stimulus checks – essentially ‘free money’ – did the public invest it in the stock market? No. The public paid bills, or saved it – much to the consternation of the government.

So where did this dramatic bear market rally come from? In my opinion, it came from large institutional investors – many of the same people who had their coffers stuffed with TARP money over the past 6 months and the same folks who were essentially given a free pass a while back when the rules for mark to market accounting were relaxed. So what we have here is largely an inflationary rally. Certainly, this is not the first such rally, and it will most assuredly not be the last.

But it isn’t just the stock market. It is the commodities markets as well, and this is where it gets bad for consumers. We are about to witness a wave of inflation, a magnitude of which has never before been seen in America. Dr. Marc Faber had this to say about the subject:

“I am 100 percent sure that the U.S. will go into hyperinflation,” Faber said. “The problem with government debt growing so much is that when the time will come and the Fed should increase interest rates, they will be very reluctant to do so and so inflation will start to accelerate. He also added, “The global economy won’t return to the “prosperity” of 2006 and 2007 even as it rebounds from a recession”.

Let’s revisit our charts and positions from February and see how much things have changed in just three months:

Reuters/Jefferies CRB Index

The 15% increase in just the past 3 months will not immediately be seen on store shelves, but it is already being seen at the gas pump and in the prices of many consumer items. It must be noted that the US economy contracted at a rate of 5.7% (annualized) in the first quarter of 2009, which is on the heels of a 6.1% decrease in the fourth quarter of 2008, yet consumer prices, commodities, and other inflation assets are rising. If this doesn’t strike down the notion that demand (economic growth) alone determines prices, then nothing will.

West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil (WTIC)

This one says it all – a 45% increase in the price of oil just since the middle of February. Keep in mind this increase in price has occurred during a period of a contracting US economy. It is high time that the mainstream press and every one of us stop being US centric when it comes to oil – and everything else for that matter. World demand has remained robust, but at the same time has not exploded over the past six months for sure. The problem is there are untold trillions of dollars parked around the globe. Remember last fall that it wasn’t just the US Fed who was printing like crazy. The Europeans were following suit, much to the dismay of any country that possesses a scarce resource.

Gold – Contract Price

Despite a major rally in equities and assertions from media and government alike that the economy has bottomed and will begin to heal soon, Gold has not taken the bait. After once again breaking through the $1000/oz level for a brief period in late February, Gold was pushed down to the $860 area, but has rallied nearly $100/oz in relentless fashion and is looking for its fourth straight week of gains. It is very obvious that the powers that be would prefer if Gold remained below the psychologically critical $1000/oz mark. A serious breakout to the upside would once again light the 1970’s-esque fire of inflationary expectations.

The US Dollar – Heads they win, tails we lose

The story for the US Dollar over the past year has been a fairly simple one: if there is a major crisis and stock markets are falling 700 points in a day, then people want dollars. Otherwise, forget it. So the only way holders of dollars get a break is if the wheels are falling off everything else. During periods of relative calm, such as what we are seeing now, the Dollar has retaken its outcast position as the whipping boy among currencies. The damage done by numerous bailouts and stimulus packages is common sense. The future damage of persistent trillion dollar annual deficits and tens of trillions in unfunded liabilities from Social Security and Medicare still remains.

The 11% move in the Dollar from 2/20/09 to the present will result in higher prices paid for imports, and in part has been one of the reasons for oil’s recent surge. However, oil’s move has been far in excess of what would have been necessary to merely keep pace with the dollar’s decay. Look for a return to higher trade deficits unless demand drops concomitantly, which is entirely possible.

The return of the Bond Vigilantes

Perhaps worst of all has been the Fed’s inability to keep bond yields under control. Despite open monetization to the tune of $300 Billion, and the 2009 purchases of upwards of $1.25 Trillion in mortgage bonds in an effort to keep rates low, bond rates have shot up dramatically. Perhaps even worse, mortgage bond yields are now starting to move up as well. The most alarming trend is the 10-2 spread for 10-year and 2-year Treasury notes. It cannot be ignored that with each recession, the spread grows. That is because each time the fears of inflation as well as actual inflation itself increase dramatically. It cannot be ignored that with each spike we have seen a large bolus of inflation enter the system resulting in a period of ‘prosperity’.

Anyone care to stretch their thinking a bit and notice how those periods of ‘prosperity’ are getting shorter and shorter despite greater infusions of fiat cash?

It should now be apparent to all that a massive inflationary wave has been unleashed. Policymakers are aware of this and are already preparing the public by discussing deficits in the trillions rather than billions as the government will make a futile attempt to keep pace. What is most alarming in all of this is the precarious position of the consumer. Nearly wiped out in 2008 by job losses, falling home prices (which had previously been regarded as income), stagnant wages, and dramatic losses in retirement and other investments, the consumer is not in the position to deal with the inflationary blow that is now in progress.

The green shoots theory was a nice try, but those shoots are about to be buried under an avalanche of another type of green – the green of increasingly worthless fiat paper money.

In our ‘Spin Cycle’ podcast, we are currently doing a 7-part series in which we depict the factors affecting the US economy as sides of a Rubik’s Cube – independent, yet interrelated. On June 3rd, we welcome Professor Laurence Kotlikoff to discuss generational accounting and our mounting unfunded liabilities. To listen to this or other shows, visit www.my2centsonline.com/radioshow.php

]]> http://www.sutton-associates.net/blog/2009/05/29/confirmations-and-conclusions/feed/ 5 http://www.sutton-associates.net/blog/2009/05/15/hedging-your-bets/ http://www.sutton-associates.net/blog/2009/05/15/hedging-your-bets/#comments Fri, 15 May 2009 19:44:52 +0000 TwoCentsEditor http://www.my2centsonline.com/blog/?p=221 05/15/2009

While it may seem rather inappropriate to talk about hedging strategies while the markets are retracing at least a portion of 2008’s devastating plunge, common sense continues to support the position that the worst is yet to come. Granted, focus has shifted to ‘less bad’ economic data and the anointing of government spending as the elixir that will return the American economy to prosperity. Yes, that whole “We’re going to spend our way to prosperity” mantra is once again in play. Make no mistake about it; what we are witnessing right now will be viewed years from now as the biggest suckers rally in history – so far.

That said, now is the time to start talking about protecting portfolios from the next move down. The techniques below were used either singly or in tandem to drastically limit losses in our client portfolios during the 2008 liquidation. Some of these strategies have been sold to the investing public as ten feet tall and bulletproof, but don’t work out too well unless the intricacies are understood. And still others are exceedingly complicated to execute and rely on a preponderance of difficult predictive successes to be beneficial.

Flight to Cash and Equivalents

This move is an obvious one and constitutes either a partial or total exit from the market in question and the capitalization of whatever gains/losses existed to that point. Depending on the type of account you’re dealing with you will have a taxable event. Under many circumstances, it may be detrimental to sell out of the market. This can especially be the case if you are one of those folks who have invested in a dividend-producing portfolio and need the income from those investments for living expenses. Obviously, people in this position don’t want to see their portfolio go down in value, but can’t necessarily afford to sell those assets either.

In terms of the average investor, this is undoubtedly the easiest hedge to execute with the opportunity costs being commissions, possible tax consequences, and the forfeited gains if you’re wrong.

Going Short the Market

Shorting shares and/or indexes is one way investors will choose to hedge portfolios during times when they believe markets will head lower. Let’s use the DJIA as an example.
Let’s say that an extremely prescient (and lucky) trader identified the last major top in the Dow Jones on 5/19/2008 at 13,028.16. That day he shorted 100 shares of DIA at a price of $130.23 for a total of $13,023 with a $10 commission. So our trader has $13,013 in his pocket, knowing he’ll have to cover those shares at some point. Let’s assume once again that our trader gets lucky and picks the precise bottom on 3/6/2009 with the DIA at $66.23 and decides to cover. He buys 100 shares for $6,633 ($10 commission) and has $6,380 as his gain.

Obviously, this is a best-case scenario, and ironically enough, this is often how many investment ‘get-rich-quick’ schemes are presented.

The following is the flip side of shorting the market.

In this scenario, our trader, having seen his brokerage account drop by 25% since the beginning of 2008 decides to short DIA on 10/22/08. He is scared to death of a further decline. He shorts 100 shares at a price of $84.59 on the DIA, pays the same $10 commission and has $8,449.00 in his pocket. Unfortunately, he has picked a short-term bottom and the market rallies substantially immediately after he takes his position and our trader is scared into covering on 11/4/08 at $95.19. Including commissions, his short position just cost him a quick $1,080 – in just 9 trading days.

With the benefit of 20/20 hindsight we can easily point out that our trader would have been much better off waiting a few more weeks to cover. He would not have lost anything, and in fact would have helped his portfolio.

The take-home point here is that shorting is not for the faint of heart. You’d best have a solid understanding of market behavior and fundamentals before even considering short-selling shares. As we learned above, the risk to the trader is unlimited. Lets say the DJIA would have gone all the way back up to its 2007 high after our trader shorted on 10/22/2008. He’d have been out over $5,700. In shorting, the rewards are finite (a stock can only go so close to zero) whereas the risks are theoretically infinite.

For the average investor, shorting shares is difficult in that you must pledge the balance of your account as collateral in case your bet goes bad. This nullifies the ‘qualified’ status of IRAs therefore IRA custodians will not extend margin privileges to IRA accounts. Standard brokerage accounts may be used to short stocks and such an account could be used to hedge other investments. While this strategy may bear occasional fruit, it is not for everyone, particularly those with short time horizons or a low appetite for risk.

Inverse Funds – Not what they’re cracked up to be?

Before beginning this segment, a few things must be said. For those who read this column regularly, you know that I rarely use specific companies or funds in these discussions, and tend to stick to sectors, fundamentals, and macroeconomic conditions. However, in this article, specific examples are going to be used to illustrate the points made and to show investors how these funds don’t always perform the way they’d expect. This is not to imply that there is an attempt to deceive on the part of the fund sponsors, but rather a misunderstanding by the investing public of the stated objectives of these funds.

Dow Jones UltraShort Profund (DXD) – The stated objective of this fund is as follows:

The Fund seeks daily investment results, before fees and expenses that correspond to twice (200%) the inverse (opposite) of the daily performance of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

Let’s use a couple of hypothetical examples to illustrate how a leveraged inverse fund works. We enter our position when the DOW is at 10,000 and the price of DXD is $100/share. For the purposes of the example, we’re going to forget about the expense ratio. While the expenses must be considered, they are not necessary to make our point.

So over the course of our hypothetical 10-day trading period, the DJIA lost 8.28%. Conventional wisdom would have expected DXD to come in at a 16.57% gain. However, it only returned 14.44% (before expenses). Granted, this is not a big difference, but when you start putting it in the context of a million dollar investment you’re talking about some serious money.

Now, for the sake of argument, let’s use DOG, which is the non-leveraged inverse ETF for the Dow Jones Industrial Average, and see what happens.

The performance of the non-leveraged inverse ETF wasn’t quite as bad as it netted 7.64% (before expenses) when compared to an 8.28% loss in the Dow Jones Industrials Average.

Now let’s apply a real-world example from earlier this year and watch what develops:

On February 9th, 2009, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at 8270.87. The Ultrashort DOW ETF (DXD) closed at $58.07 that same day. Now, shortly before close on 5/13/2009, the Dow Jones Industrials Average is at 8274.05, while DXD is at $51.33 – a difference of $6.74 from the 2/9/09 price. Conventional logic would have surmised the DXD prices would be within a few cents given the trivial difference in DOW levels. For comparison, the non-leveraged ETF (DOG) closed at $71.82 on 2/9/2009 and sits at $68.60 shortly before the close on 5/13/2009 – a difference of $3.22. Conventional logic would have also expected the price of DOG to be very similar. What is going on here?

Here’s what. It is all in the objective of the fund. Remember how it mentioned the daily performance? These funds track the index on a day-by-day basis, but as time goes on, the tracking becomes more and more sloppy. Volatility enhances this condition as was evidenced in our 10-day hypothetical study from above.

It is due to the fickle nature of mathematics that a 10% drop followed by a 10% gain doesn’t put you back where you started. This is where the inverse funds fail to protect portfolios in the longer-term. Now, if prices always moved in straight lines, the inverse funds would do fine. Obviously prices don’t behave that way. The above analysis should not be construed as an indictment of the DOG and DXD inverse funds, but rather suggests they only be used with a clear understanding of their objectives. Furthermore it must be realized that you might not get quite the level of protection you anticipated even if you’re right and the market goes down but takes a lazy path to get there.

For the average investor, inverse funds are an easy way to ‘short’ the market without actually taking the full risk of shorting. Think of it this way: if you invest in an inverse fund and the fund goes to zero, you’ve lost only your initial investment. Your actual risk is known going in. A second plus is that inverse funds may be bought in non-marginable accounts like IRAs. The major drawback, outlined above, is that you may not get the performance you expected for your buck – particularly over extended periods of time.

Using Options to Hedge Portfolios

Another potential strategy for hedging portfolios is through the use of options. We have previously discussed covered call writing for the purposes of generating income, but this week’s topic varies considerably and requires looking at things from a totally different perspective. This discussion focuses on using options for protection ONLY – not for day trading or other speculative activities.

While this is not intended to be a primer on options trading and involves prerequisite knowledge, there are some important concepts that must be highlighted when using options for hedging purposes. For most average investors, hedging with options involves the purchase of put options, which can be done from many types of accounts. However, individual brokers have their own restrictions on what can and cannot be done in particular types of accounts.

Time – Options are good for a specified period of time and after such time has passed expire worthless. Even in the month (or sometimes more) before their witching (expiration), options begin to degrade in value and investors find that they’re not doing their job in terms of protecting the portfolio. Options have ‘sweet spots’ and if you’re going to use them to protect a portfolio you’d better be able to align the option’s sweet spot with the period when the market’s decline will be most dramatic. Otherwise you’re not getting the full benefit of the option and your portfolio isn’t being protected. This is no easy task by any stretch of the imagination.

Strike Price – In the case of the Dow Jones Industrials Average, put options could be purchased on DIA. If you feel the decline will last 6 months and start today, you’d look at options that expire 11/2009 or beyond. In the case of DIA, 12/2009 put options are available. Now you must decide how far you think the market will fall. Buying an option with a strike price that is too low may result in it staying out of the money in which case you might not get the full performance; especially if the decline is not as steep as you anticipated. Buy an option at a strike price that is too close to the current price of DIA and you’re going to pay a hefty premium for the option. If your prediction ends up being right that won’t be an issue, but if you are wrong, you just wasted a lot of your money.

Know Your Portfolio - A common mistake of investors who use options for hedging is that they buy the wrong option. It is imperative to understand the components of the portfolio that you’re trying to protect. For example, hedging a portfolio of junior gold mining stocks with Dow Jones Industrials Average puts is probably not a great idea. While the junior gold stocks may trace the DJIA to a certain extent there are plenty of times when such is not the case. Using a simple statistical correlation study between your portfolio’s value and the value of different market indexes can help you identify which markets your portfolio tends to track and you can then hedge more effectively.

The major benefit of buying options is that you’re taking a known level of risk. Your outlay for the option and related commissions is the extent of your risk. If you are wrong and the market moves up your option will expire worthless and you lose your initial investment only. It must be noted that this defined risk does not apply when one is writing uncovered (naked) options. These types of activities are extraordinarily risky and are highly inadvisable merely for hedging purposes.

In conclusion, there are many other factors that play into hedging and would require a dissertation to elucidate all of them to proper justice. Each investor must consider their own objectives and risk tolerance and should also consult a qualified advisor before implementing any investment strategy.

The important thing to take away from this discussion is that if done properly, hedging can provide relative comfort during periods of market mayhem such as we just witnessed last year. However, if undertaken without a solid understanding of both the benefits and detriments of the hedging methodology you choose to employ, not only will you not enjoy comfort, you’re quite likely to be a regular in the antacid aisle at your local pharmacy as well.

Improper hedging techniques and use of hedging vehicles are some common mistakes investors make. Consider taking a look at our free report about 7 additional mistakes investors make – and how to avoid them. To get your copy click the following link: www.sutton-associates.net/7mistakes_report.php

Back in 2006, Marketwatch Columnist Mark Hulbert made the comment that those who had invested at the 2000 market top had finally gotten their money back.A long six years to get back nominal dollars that had decayed significantly by the time they were ‘gotten back’.

We wrote the pilot issue of the Centsible Investor in early November 2007; right after the market peak. Was this an accident? Hardly. Our keynote article in that issue dealt with our purchasing power coming under attack and we vowed to put together a portfolio model that would fight inflation by providing a high rate of current income with a secondary goal of capital preservation.

Today, I am proud to announce that while the Dow, NASDAQ and S&P are all down (38%, 39%, and 40% respectively), that the total return on our Portfolio Model is now positive at .51% as of close of business 5/8/09. Where traditional investors had to wait several years from the bottom to get their dollars back, our Portfolio Model has accomplished the same feat in just over 2 months – and has paid great dividends while we waited!

For those who have been subscribers over this 18 month roller coaster called the markets, I am hopeful that our publication has demonstrated its worth and you will consider renewing. For those who have not subscribed to this point, I am hopeful you will consider doing so. The attack on our purchasing power is only beginning and will feed on the inflation created to support unsustainable government spending and the various bailouts. Vigilence is required now – more than ever.

As an added incentive, we are currently offering $30 off our one year subscription. Get 12 issues plus interim updates for just $99. This special will last through Memorial Day.

The Centsible Investor’s Subscription Page may be found below. If you have any questions or need assistance, please reply to this email.

http://www.sutton-associates.net/newsletter.php

Best Regards,
Sutton & Associates, LLC

DISCLAIMER: The statements made in this communication are for informational and educational purposes only and do not constitute an offer to either buy or sell any security, nor should any statements herein be construed as investment advice. Neither Sutton & Associates, LLC nor any contributor to the materials contained in the above-referenced report shall be liable for any losses as a result of these or any other investments.

Recently, there has been more than idle talk about converting most of these loans to equity stakes, which do NOT need to be paid back. Furthermore, future disbursements would like be made by buying equity stakes in the firms rather than making loans. Sound the same? Not quite. Here are some reasons why:

1) In the event of bankruptcy, creditors are paid off before shareholders from any proceeds of liquidation. Given the vaporization of BSC and LEH, this is definitely worth mentioning. Historically, shareholders are left holding the bag in a true bankruptcy and subsequent liquidation.

2) Even if the firms remain solvent, there is significantly more risk in holding equity than debt. The taxpayer’s investment would be subject to all the risks generally associated with holding stocks. Taking a look at the performance of banking stocks during 2008 gives a pretty good idea of what I am talking about here.

3) Current shareholders are negatively impacted by dilution if more shares are created out of thin air for the government to purchase. And even if the shares are bought in the open market, the mere size of the stake could have a rather deleterious affect on existing shareholders should that stake need to be sold en masse.

4) By taking an equity interest, the government is consummating an incestuous relationship with the banking industry. Nationalization is the term typical used in this type of situation, but the term has become taboo in the mainstream media in recent weeks.

5) Also, bear in mind that the banks don’t really need this money at all. They have been printing their own currency for years now via unregulated, non-transparent OTC derivatives. Now that some of their bets have gone bad, the taxpayers have been forced to ‘legitimize’ this activity by the infusion of trillions of less-funny-money (dollars).

Sea changes can be either dramatic or subtle. The recent direction in terms of supporting the financial system sounds subtle enough, but with dramatic results.

Desensitization

Increases in consumer confidence during the past two months are indicative of desensitization. Consumers are becoming acclimated to weak economic conditions, poor stock market returns, and the continued accumulation of job losses. This desensitization has been emphasized by the mainstream media; particularly in the past few months. The take-home message of articles and news reports has shifted to ‘be happy things aren’t getting worse’ and people are doing just that. Bargain hunters have been lured into many areas including housing, stocks, and even retail products. Meanwhile, important fundamentals like GDP, unemployment, foreclosures, and household net worth go largely unmentioned and underanalyzed.

Where are Consumers Spending Their Money?

What is telling, however, are the reports coming out of some individual sectors in the consumer landscape. Traditional economics breaks goods and services down into two major categories: staples and discretionary. This division follows the old-school definition of needs vs. wants. However, today, the lines have been blurred quite a bit and goods that would have easily been considered discretionary even 10 years ago are now regarded as staples.

The following NAICS category charts were selected because they represent areas that are extreme examples in the staple—discretionary continuum. And for comparative purposes, the total US Retail Sales chart is included at the end of the series.

The situation with grocery stores is a primary example of how aggregate consumption numbers are reported, which will be explained in greater detail later in the article. Just reading the chart, Americans spent less at grocery stores from the middle of 2008 through the beginning of 2009, which is when we called the bottom in terms of consumer prices. Did people eat less or just spend less on what they purchased? In all likelihood it is the latter, given that grocery store shopping is one of the most basic of spending types. For the sake of thoroughness, included below is the same chart for big-box/warehouse type stores just in case everyone abandoned their local grocery store for lower prices at BJ’s and Sam’s Club.

You’ll notice quickly that the rate of growth in warehouse club spending has been declining steadily since the beginning of the decade. Spending has also flattened considerably in the past 6 months. Clearly Americans didn’t take their unspent grocery store dollars and run to the warehouse clubs, so our initial conclusion is intact.

Gasoline station spending fell off a cliff from July through December, indicative of falling gas prices and people cutting back on the purchases of accoutrements such as drinks and sandwiches. In a similar fashion to grocery store sales, there has been a recent increase in spending at gas stations reflected by the price of gas jumping from near $1.50/gallon to around $2.00/gallon nationally.

Obviously, jewelry is far at the other end of the staple-discretion continuum, and is a good indicator of purely discretionary spending. It is pretty apparent, at least from this graphic, that this type of discretionary spending (in total dollars) is contracting rapidly, now at a year over year rate of around -22%. Massive discounting by many national and regional jewelers have certainly contributed to fewer total dollars spent as well.

Above, we notice the same tail in total retail sales starting at the beginning of 2009. This change in total retail sales correlates well with our data on consumer level inflation and brings the mainstream’s assertion of the re-emergence of the consumer into question.

Inflation Returns to Consumer Prices

In early January, a number of our in-house statistical indicators turned positive in terms of the spillover of monetary inflation into consumer prices and we discussed this issue in detail in 2/20/2009’s article “The Turning of the Tide?”:

“If we have indeed witnessed the inflection point where the trillions of dollars parked in investment and commercial banks are finally being let out to play, then our wealth and purchasing power are about to come under serious attack. Obviously the risk in putting such an assertion to paper is that if we return to the previous trend of falling prices even for a brief time, the entire construct will be discredited rather than the possibility that the timing was a bit off being acknowledged. There are some factors that would help us to confirm or deny that such an inflection point has taken place……”

Since those indicators went positive, we have received affirmation of our observations from PPI/CPI, the GDP Price Index or GDP Deflator, nominal retail sales, and import prices. It is the retail sales portion that applies here, and the key lies in how that report is interpreted. It absolutely must be remembered that almost all of these aggregate spending metrics report in total Dollars, NOT units. Nor are these numbers adjusted for ‘inflation’. They are adjusted for seasonal factors that are at the discretion of the reporting agency, but that is it. What this means is that increases in consumer prices (especially in staple goods since people are less likely to cut back) will be interpreted as economic growth when retail sales are reported because people are spending more money. Conversely, when prices fall like they did from July through December of 2008, the interpretation will be economic contraction.

So the question needs to be asked: Did people actually buy fewer goods and services (an actual retrenchment) over the past 6 months or did they just pay less for some of the things they purchased thereby causing retail sales to drop?

The answer is more difficult to find than one might imagine.

We know from the Advance GDP report on Wednesday of this week that personal income in the US dropped by an estimated $59 billion (2.0% annualized) as job losses put more and more Americans on the unemployment rolls. The rate of decay in personal income grew from $42.9 Billion or 1.4% annualized in Q4 2008.

The report also gleaned that personal outlays increased .7% in Q1 2009 after falling 9.5% in Q4 2008. Looking for example at the CPI for that period, we find that using the old CPI methodology that consumer prices increased 1.18% for Q1 2009. By extension then, if consumers would have purchased the exact same quantity of goods as they did previously, they would have spent 1.18% more yet they only spent .7% indicating that less goods/services were purchased. A terribly small cutback for sure, but certainly not the growth trumpeted by the mainstream media.

For comparative purposes let’s apply the same analysis to Q4 2008. Using the same CPI methodology as the previous paragraph, consumer prices dropped 2.93% in Q4 2008. So if consumers had bought the same quantity of goods/services, they would have spent 2.93% less. Yet consumers spent 9.5% less indicating a significant cutback.

One conclusion we can draw from this cursory analysis is that while consumers spent more in Q1 2008, they didn’t really buy more. Still, in the face of rising unemployment, falling housing prices, and general economic malaise, consumers are still trying hard to hold onto yesteryear after a very brief period of belt-tightening.

In our ‘Spin Cycle’ podcast, we are currently doing a 7-part series in which we depict the factors affecting the US economy as sides of a Rubik’s Cube – independent, yet interrelated. Episodes include Interest Rates, Economic Growth, Debt/Monetary Growth, Energy, Demographics, Geopolitics, and the State of the Consumer. To listen, visit www.my2centsonline.com/radioshow.php

Main Street Under Pressure

Since last summer there have been fairly regular stories even in the mainstream press about banks cutting limits on credit cards. It would seem as though the bankers had decided that the age of consumerism had gone too far. Ironically, these actions happened concurrently with the largest giveaways in the history of mankind. In the past 9 months the United States, #1 on the world financial stage, has committed an entire year of economic output to stem the ongoing crisis. How do banks respond? By cutting credit card limits. It is like giving a small child sweets until the kid is in a frothing sugar-frenzy, then locking up the candy dish. The analogies are nearly limitless, but the point is obvious. While the banks screamed for the elixir of easy Fed credit, they slammed the door on Main Street. For their part, consumers at some levels have cut back on their spending, which is a good thing. The unfortunate reality is this: Even the most prudent and responsible consumer will have a bad month. There will be a string of unexpected expenses, and that individual might need to carry a balance for a while to get things straightened out. Job losses will cause exactly this type of situation and now in many cases the credit is not there.

Another unintended consequence is that when credit lines are cut, utilization goes up and suddenly the most frugal appear to be on a spending bender. Take the person who has $25,000 in total credit from a number of different sources. Say on average the individual uses $5000/month for regular expenses, but never carries a balance. Now let’s assume that their lines are cut in half. Their utilization just doubled from 20% to 40%. Their new application for a small business loan might now be rejected because they’re judged to be a bad credit risk due to the 40% utilization. More unintended consequences.

Another amazing development has been the continuation and acceleration of foreclosure activity despite all the political rhetoric over the past 15 months from both sides of the aisle in terms of ‘helping’ homeowners. According to RealtyTRAC, foreclosure activity, which includes default notices, repossessions, and auction sale notices, increased 6% from January 2009. This same measure increased nearly 30% from February 2008. So despite trillions of dollars pledged to Fannie, Freddie, Bobby, Lulu, and anyone else with a leaky balance sheet to supposedly assist homeowners, not only is foreclosure activity not abating, it is increasing.

Runaway government spending

As most are acutely aware this tax day, their contribution to the team effort of bailing out the economy will not be near enough. Not only will their continued (and increasing) participation be needed, but that of their children, and grandchildren will be required as well. While I could sit here and tally up the various tabs, totals, and sums, it would be pointless. The public is mind-numb from hearing these staggering figures. It is very difficult to even fathom a billion let alone a trillion. However, this reality has dawned on an increasing number of people over the past few months and they are understandably perturbed. We have hopefully learned a valuable lesson, and that is that liberty is akin to a seedling. It is planted, but then must be watered, fed, and protected from the harsh environment in which it lives. While Americans were out collectively living it up over the past umpteen years, that harsh environment has wreaked havoc on our seedling. The bad news is that we’ve got a lot of work to do. Hopefully the sheer magnitude of our task doesn’t discourage us from doing it.

Big Bank Profits = Bubble Watch

After 6 quarters of dire forecasts, failures, predictions of failure, and uncounted bailouts, big banks are suddenly earning money again. Interestingly enough, most of these newfound profits are coming from the investment banking sides of their businesses. Translated, that means they’re back to their old tricks again and it is back to business as usual. Secure in the knowledge that their backs are securely covered by ‘We the People’ and without fear of extinction, the winners of the 2008 financial crisis have been refreshed, revived, and are back at it. Since our economy and monetary system are still compromised by the same structural imbalances that existed before the crisis, it is again time to go on “Bubble Watch”. The ingredients are there: very cheap money from the Fed and existing dislocations in many markets. The only thing missing is you. And this little fact could cause quite a problem. Americans, quickly growing weary of the accelerating boom-bust cycles, and still punch drunk from the last beating are not likely to be as willing to participate in the next bubble.

One of last fall’s pieces focused on the causes of the Great Depression and tried to dispel the myth that the market crash of 1929 was somehow solely responsible for the mess that followed. We pointed to a nagging reality from 1929 and that was the proportion of Americans living in poverty. More than half were living below a minimum subsistence level, which at the time was $750/year. Essentially one half of the population was unable to support further economic growth. That was one of the underlying structural imbalances. The crash and subsequent misguided government responses were the triggers that caused the Depression.

How much different are we really today? Sure, the poverty line has been adjusted upwards in nominal terms, but fundamentally, how many Americans are below it now? Perhaps the most important variable that has changed in the past 70 years is the reliance we have on credit as a society. How many of us would be living below the poverty line, unable to participate in the economy were it not for VISA, Mastercard, and equity lines of credit? The recent spikes in unemployment will only exacerbate the situation, causing further reliance on credit for subsistence; credit which is shrinking by many measures.

In conclusion, it is particularly disheartening that nearly all of the political focus spanning the last two administrations has been about getting credit flowing again, with only token talk of job creation and fostering legitimate economic growth. The actions have been no better. The vast majority of bailout and stimulus dollars have gone to the financial system to encourage lending and borrowing rather than to the real economy. Our fiat monetary system’s reliance on debt for its growth is the elephant standing in the room each time a press conference or media event is held. It is the elephant nobody in charge wants to talk about. It is the question nobody in media wants to ask. And, at the end of the day, I would imagine that is why so many people came out on Wednesday and will continue to do so. They aren’t interested in parties. They just want to talk about elephants.

It is the latter statement that causes me to reflect this week on the prospects for our return to prosperity. We have had the opportunity over the past year to listen to many speeches from Presidents to heads of Treasury and the Federal Reserve. Many men and women – bright men and women, have weighed in and opined on our current situation. They’ve spoken of stimulus, of consumer spending, government spending, bridges, roads, healthcare, energy, banks, and many other topics too numerous to count in this short space. However, what I haven’t heard nearly enough mention of is confidence even though the stated purpose and intent of these speeches has been to inspire the same.

The confidence of consumers

One report in particular has made some inroads in terms of getting coverage of the precipitous drop in overall consumer confidence. And in fact, the most recent release of the Conference Board’s measurement of consumer confidence was the worst in history since measurements began more than 40 years ago. Perhaps the worst part of this report was the expectations component, which absolutely fell off a cliff, plunging from a level of 42.5 to a 27.5 level. The jobs component of the report was no better. 47.3% of those surveyed expect there to be fewer jobs in the future with a mere 7.1% expecting more jobs. 4.4% thought jobs are easy get with nearly half (47.8%) opining that jobs are very hard to get. The chart below tells the awful story.

It is fairly easy to see how the lack of confidence has translated into overall drops in retail sales. Sure people are spending less for gasoline (a major component of retail sales) than they were a year ago, but they certainly aren’t buying anything else in its place either.

This situation, however, goes way beyond some numbers reported every month. It goes to the very heart of the opening paragraph. Confidence is the key to a successful economy, particularly ours, which is so heavily dependent on the consumer taking on debt and spending money. In order to perpetuate this dynamic, the consumer needs to have utmost confidence. As last 2008’s failed stimulus package demonstrates, simply handing money to consumers who are not confident will result in the money being saved or used to pay off existing bills. No confidence, no spending. It’s as simple as that.

Collapse of retirement contributions a referendum on confidence in the financial system

Whether it is along with, beside, or because of consumer’s confidence, equity markets on a global scale have crashed in grand form over the past year. Sure, not all of that was caused by the little guy selling his 401(k)/IRA and going to cash. It is our opinion that the little guy actually represents a relatively small component of the overall money invested in the markets when leverage is factored in. However, the little guy’s actions have still had major ramifications. Consider the following:

• 529 plan contributions are down an average of 60% from 2007 according to a 529 plan representative who materialized at my office door a few weeks ago

• According to TD Ameritrade, 63% of people with retirement plans stopped contributing to them in 2008

• Only 21% of individuals surveyed in the above study had more than $50,000 in investable savings

• Unemployment (32%) and increases in health care premiums (25) were the leading reasons why people stopped contributing to retirement plans in 2008

• Nearly 25% of survey respondents in the 35-44 age group said they’d completely stopped contributing to retirement accounts in 2008. This more than any other group

While complete data for 2008 contributions is incomplete due to the fact that 4/15/09 is the deadline for 2008 IRA contributions, it is relatively clear that 2008 contributions will be down significantly. This problem is two-fold. The first is many people don’t have the funds to invest. The second is that they have lost confidence in the markets and their ability to protect (let alone grow) capital. This reality is unfolding at an unprecedented time in history – a time when people can least afford to be caught without savings.

Job loss – the ultimate confidence-killer

As now more than 600,000 Americans each week are realizing, the loss of a job is one of the most stressful events one can endure. There is an old adage that it is a recession when your neighbor loses his job, but it is a depression when you lose yours. This is not meant to trivialize the matter of unemployment in the least, but rather to underscore the effect that the loss of one’s livelihood has on confidence. As can be expected, consumer confidence has plunged as job losses continue to increase.

Next Friday’s unemployment report is likely to feature an unemployment rate well north of 8% not counting the thousands of workers who lost their jobs in late 2007 and early 2008 that have now fallen off the unemployment rolls and as such are no longer counted. By our count, there have been nearly 2.4 million first time claims for unemployment in the past 4 weeks alone and the trend shows no signs of slowing, at least not in the short term. While unemployment insurance lasts up to a year (depending on the state), it only covers a portion of lost earnings. A good average is probably around 60%. I don’t know about you, but I don’t know too many people who can maintain their current standard of living on 60% of their income – or are even willing to try.

Money – A True Crisis of Confidence

Confidence in the monetary system of the United States has been a true lagging indicator. Inflation at a rate of 5% or so per year has been institutionalized in the system for as long as anyone can remember. Keynesian economics teaches us that this inflation is a normal by-product of growth and should be accepted with glee, which is absolute nonsense. This is akin to welcoming a burglar into your home and offering him 5% of your belongings then chalking it up as a cost of living.

However, even the most regular of folks are starting to wonder where the trillions of dollars for their retirements, healthcare, financial system bailouts, various industry bailouts, state bailouts, government spending, and other pet political projects are going to come from. The fact is we’ve crossed the Rubicon in this regard. The world no longer creates enough savings to cover our massive balance of payments and fiscal deficits. And remember, one in three Americans have less than $50,000 in savings to deal with this. Everyday Americans are starting to wake up to the reality that this money doesn’t exist and must be created from nothing. That certainly doesn’t bode well for their confidence in the value of the currency they carry in their pockets. It can no longer be called money, because to call it money is to imply that it is a store of wealth and acts as a standard unit of exchange.

A real store of wealth holds its value and maintains purchasing power. The US dollar has lost around 96% of its purchasing power since the Fed was created in 1913. Other paper currencies are not far behind. This reality has driven record demand for gold and silver coins as the public awakens and attempts to diversify out of paper. This overall loss in confidence in paper assets is what drives mainstream columnists to attack gold as a ‘useless rock’ and float the false notion that people who bought stock after the 1929 crash got their money back in a few years when in fact it took a few decades. Remember, it is all about confidence.

In the end, the financial crisis of 2007-? will be summed up as a fairly simple process:

1) Confidence shaken

2) More debt accumulated to maintain confidence

3) Confidence further shaken

3) Even more debt accumulated

4) Confidence lost because of all the debt accumulated

For in fact during the early stages of the crisis, policymakers and pundits alike were busy talking about strong economic fundamentals and failing to address the root causes of the problem when it might have mattered. For nearly 9 months the current depression brewed before Fed head Bernanke and Treasury Secy. Paulson were even willing to admit that a problem existed outside the banking system. The entire sum total of their efforts was to maintain confidence. It was a dangerous gamble that has proven disastrous and they’re about to learn the hard way that while you might be able to create a bailout for big banks and big government, there is no bailout for confidence.

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Disclosures: Long GDX