Archives: February 2011

Farmland Price Surge Not All Good News

Editor’s Note: Remember what happened to global investment in energy after the bubble of 2008? Can we really afford to have the same thing happen with regards to food production??

The words “real estate” and “boom” have become all but taboo in the US for the past four years.

These days, however, they are cropping up again – but not in connection with condos in Florida, swanky apartments in New York, or subprime communities in California.

Instead, one of the hottest spots in the US real estate market is now in the Midwest, in relation to agricultural farmland.

More specifically, as global food commodity prices spiral upwards, fuelling turmoil in the Middle East, Midwestern farmers are quietly enjoying a bonanza. And that is triggering a surge in the price of farmland, leaving estate agents, farmers and their bankers celebrating.

The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago calculated last month that in the region – including Iowa, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana and Wisconsin – agricultural land prices rose 12 per cent in 2010.

This was the second highest increase in 30 years, and a stark contrast to flat or falling real estate prices elsewhere in the US.

And bankers say in some pockets of the heartlands, land prices are jumping at an even headier pace, as local farmers and investors bet that the commodity bonanza will continue in 2011 and 2012, due to a painful mismatch between agricultural supply and demand.

“Round here, farmland prices are going through the roof because of the commodities boom – it’s kind of crazy,” one senior banker recently told me over dinner in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Or as Jeffrey Conrad of Hancock Agricultural Investor Group recently observed to my colleague Greg Meyer: “People are becoming more bullish and more aggressive.”

Welcome to one of the more politically sensitive trends of 2011 – not just inside the US, but on the geopolitical stage.

Food price inflation appears to have been a key factor behind social unrest in the Middle East. And even inside the US, the issue of food inflation is starting to provoke more political unease, as households contend with high unemployment and flat wage trends.

What makes the issue doubly politically sensitive is that these price pressures are likely to get worse, not better. The US Department of Agriculture warned at its annual conference in Washington last week that nominal farm-gate prices would hit a record high for corn, wheat and soyabeans in the crop year that begins with the 2011 harvests, even as farmers scurry to plant more crops.

That will push consumer food price inflation inside the US to about 3-4 per cent or more in the second half of this year as the squeeze moves along the supply chain, according to Joseph Glauber, USDA chief economist.

However, economists warn that, outside the US, consumer prices are expected to jump far more.

But while this trend might be bad news for consumers, it is turning many US farmers into “winners” – albeit not in a way that the country’s diplomats or politicians are keen to advertise to non-Americans.

Egypt, for example, is the eighth largest export market for the US, largely because it consumes a vast amount of wheat: indeed, the Middle East as a whole has provided a key source of demand for US agricultural exports.

Hence the fact that surging bread prices in Cairo are going hand in hand with higher land prices in the Midwest.

And as the boom intensifies, it is not just Middle East observers who worry about the risk of unintended consequences.

Some regulators in the US are starting to fear that an excessive rise in the country’s land prices might eventually be destabilising for America as well.

After all, as Sheila Bair, the head of the Federal Deposit Insurance Commission, observed, the last time that US land prices surged so dramatically, back in the 1980s, that boom was followed by a dramatic bust.

The US agricultural lobby insists that a similar bust is unlikely this time, since leverage levels are relatively low.

However, the FDIC, for its part, fears that any jump in interest rates or fall in land prices could hurt the country’s 1,600 farm banks.

“This [land price] situation will continue to require close monitoring,” Ms Bair warned.

It is an adage that might be applied to every step of the increasingly stressed global food chain.

Pump Prices Rattle Drivers, Businesses

NEW YORK (AP) — High fuel prices are putting the squeeze on drivers’ wallets just as they are starting to feel better about the economy. They’re also forcing tough choices on small-business owners who are loathe to charge more for fear of losing cost-conscious customers.

Gasoline prices rose 4 percent last week to a national average of $3.29 per gallon. That’s the highest level ever for this time of year, when prices are typically low. And with unrest in the Middle East and North Africa lifting the price of oil to the $100-a-barrel range, analysts say pump prices are likely headed higher.

Bryon Gongaware, an owner of The Floral Trunk and Gifts in White Bear Lake, Minn., didn’t raise his $7 flower delivery charge when gas prices spiked in 2008, and he doesn’t plan to do so this time, either.

“I don’t think the economy is solid enough that you can be careless about raising prices,” he said, standing among the flower clippings on the floor of the shop he has run for 21 years.

That means the extra costs that come from driving the store’s delivery van 70,000 miles a year come from only one place: “right out of the bottom line,” he said.

For drivers such as Robert Wagner, 51, a high school teacher from Thornton, Colo., the higher fuel costs mean cutting back on movies and dinners out for him, his wife and their two children. “We’re very, very frugal right now,” he said as he trickled enough $3.09-per-gallon gasoline into his Chevrolet Suburban to get him to his next pay day.

Analysts and economists worry that by lowering profits for businesses and reducing disposable income for drivers, high gasoline prices could slow the recovering economy.

Over a year, analysts estimate, oil at $100 a barrel would reduce U.S. economic growth by 0.2 or 0.3 of a percentage point. Rather than grow an estimated 3.7 percent this year, the economy would expand 3.4 percent or 3.5 percent. That would likely mean less hiring and higher unemployment.

Americans are less prepared to absorb the spike in gasoline prices than they were the last time prices rose this high, in 2008, because unemployment is higher and real estate values are lower, says David Portalatin, an analyst for the market research firm NPD Group.

It has been four months since gasoline rose beyond $3 per gallon. During that time, drivers have spent $14 billion more on gasoline than they did a year ago, Portalatin says.

Diane Swonk, chief economist at Mesirow Financial in Chicago, says this year’s cut in payroll taxes offers consumers a buffer against higher fuel prices. Still, she expects all but the wealthiest Americans to cut back on discretionary spending. And the longer prices stay high, the more damage they do.

Gasoline prices rose throughout last fall as the developing nations of Asia and the recovering economies of the West began using more oil.

In recent weeks, upheaval in the Middle East and North Africa stoked fears that oil supplies would be disrupted, and oil prices exceeded $100 per barrel for only the second time in history.

Much of the most dramatic unrest took place in countries that are not big producers of oil. But when Libya plunged into chaos, there were disruptions in shipments of its high-quality crude, which is well-suited to making gasoline. That sent refiners scrambling to find other sources of high-quality oil. Gasoline prices rose further.

Gasoline prices typically fall in the winter and rise in the spring as refiners switch to more expensive summer blends of gasoline. Since 2000, prices in May have been 52 cents per gallon on average higher than in February, according to the Energy Information Administration.

Tom Kloza, chief oil analyst at the Oil Price Information Service, believes that the normal seasonal rise in prices has been pulled ahead by events in the Middle East, but he still expects prices to rise further. He predicts prices will reach $3.50 to $3.75 per gallon, barring more chaos in the Middle East.

“When we get over $3.75 we are looking at very serious consequences for the economy,” he says.

For every 25-cent increase in the price of gasoline, the nation spends an extra $3 billion filling up its cars and trucks, Kloza says.

For Jay Ricker, who owns 51 convenience stores in Indiana that sell gasoline under BP and Marathon brands, that’s less money for the “affordable luxuries” he offers — cappuccinos and candy bars that people enjoy, but can do without. “I hate these high prices,” he says. “People don’t want to come in and buy something I make money off.”

Drivers often get angry when gasoline prices spike for reasons that aren’t apparent, such as refinery problems or overseas demand for oil.

This time, though, the dramatic news reports from the Middle East are making customers more understanding, says Scott Hartman, CEO of Rutter’s Farm Stores, which owns 56 convenience stores and gas stations near Harrisburg, York and Lancaster, Pa.

“Whenever you see chaos in the Middle East, people expect higher prices, and this has been more widespread than most of us have seen in our lifetimes,” he says. “It’s quite clear our customers know what’s going on.”

That doesn’t mean they like it.

When asked about fuel prices at a RaceTrac service station in Dallas, Shaun DuFresne tapped the screen on the pump, showing he had just spent $90.14 for diesel — at $3.50 a gallon — to fill his 2006 Ford F-250 pickup truck. Then he said something unprintable.

Just When You Thought It Was Safe (To Buy EuroBonds)

Portugal is under increasing pressure to take a bail-out as its borrowing costs have stayed above a level widely considered unsustainable for longer than Greece and Ireland before their rescues last year.

Portugal’s benchmark market interest rates were above 7 per cent for the 16th consecutive trading day on Friday, closing at 7.55 per cent. Greece and Ireland, the two eurozone countries to seek bail-outs so far, lasted 13 and 15 trading days respectively with bond yields of more than 7 per cent.

“They are going to need some kind of support. You can’t magic this debt away,” said Gary Jenkins, head of fixed income at Evolution Securities.

Few expect Portugal to seek a bail-out before a European Union summit next month to discuss whether any reform of the eurozone’s bail-out mechanisms is necessary.

A growing number of opposition politicians in Portugal have joined international investors and economists in saying a bail-out now seems unavoidable.

“We’re walking a financial tightrope every day,” said Luís Marques Mendes, a former leader of the centre-right Social Democrats (PSD), the main opposition party. “A request for a financial rescue within three or four weeks is inevitable.”

Paulo Rangel, an MEP and senior PSD official, said: “I’m convinced an external intervention will be necessary.”

However, the minority Socialist government is maintaining its defiant stance that Portugal has no need of a bail-out and can continue to finance its debt in the market. Fernando Teixeira dos Santos, finance minister, says the implied interest rate of its debt is only 3.6 per cent on average, compared with a European Union average of about 3.5 per cent. He stresses that Portugal has raised about a third of the €20bn ($27.5bn) it needs this year with demand remaining relatively firm, “despite all the noise”.

Investors are nervously eyeing the fate of Portugal less because of its importance as a market and more for its potential to act as a firebreak to stop the eurozone debt crisis spreading to Spain, one of Europe’s biggest economies and judged next in line. “I don’t really care about Portugal but I do care about Spain,” said one of Europe’s largest bond investors. “Protecting it has to be a key priority.”

Mr Jenkins said Portugal was different from Greece and Ireland in that its refinancing needs in the next two years were relatively modest but he expected some support to be given it from the EU in the coming weeks.

Lisbon has not issued any long-term bonds since yields surged after a €3.5bn syndicated sale on February 7. Analysts do not expect it to schedule any five- or 10-year debt auctions until after the March EU summit.

Lisbon has blamed “delays and hesitations” by eurozone leaders for affecting market sentiment towards its debt.

Portugal has scheduled a sale of short-term Treasury bills on Wednesday together with a second buy-back auction for outstanding government bonds.

Libyan Oil Production to be Shut Down?

Editor’s Note: These guys oughta know I guess. Banks have been on both sides of every major global crisis for at least the last hundred years.

“We expect Libyan production to be shut down completely and we might lose sweet crudes from Libya for a prolonged period of time,” Bank of America Merrill Lynch analyst Sabine Schels told Reuters.

Schels said that the world faced the prospect of real supply shock in which the loss of 1.6 million barrels per day of sweet oil could potentially trigger a steep rise in prices and force a sharp reduction in demand to balance the system.

“Some of the supply can be replaced with Saudi light crude and some from SPR, but if the disruption is prolonged, we will need demand to drop to balance the system,” Schels said.

The bank is currently discussing scenarios and outlooks, and will publish a report on its findings in the coming days.

“We already faced a demand shock last year with global demand increasing by 2.8 million bpd and on top of that, what we have now is a real supply shock,” Schels said.

“In a price shock scenario whereby we lose 1.6 million bpd, the rise in prices can be a lot greater than in the case of a demand shock. (Reporting by Jessica Donati; editing by Marguerita Choy)

Citigroup: US to Fall to 3rd Largest Economy

Editor’s Note: Small wonder.. Maybe if we didn’t have to bail them out constantly..

The world is going to become richer and richer as developing economies play catch up over the coming years, according to Willem Buiter, chief economist at Citigroup.

“We expect strong growth in the world economy until 2050, with average real GDP growth rates of 4.6 percent per annum until 2030 and 3.8 percent per annum between 2030 and 2050,” Buiter wrote in a market research.

“As a result, world GDP should rise in real PPP-adjusted terms from $72 trillion in 2010 to $380 trillion dollars in 2050,” he wrote.

As the world watches oil prices rise sharply amid unrest in the Middle East, Buiter’s analysis of the world’s long-term prospects offer some hope that better times are ahead but if he is right power will shift from the West to the East very quickly.

“China should overtake the US to become the largest economy in the world by 2020, then be overtaken by India by 2050,” he predicted.

One Way Bet on Emerging Markets?

Growth will not be smooth, according to Buiter. “Expect booms and busts. Occasionally, there will be growth disasters, driven by poor policy, conflicts, or natural disasters. When it comes to that, don’t believe that ‘this time it’s different’.”

However, there are some easy wins for poor countries with big, young populations, he said.

“Developing Asia and Africa will be the fastest growing regions, in our view, driven by population and income per capita growth, followed in terms of growth by the Middle East, Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe, the CIS, and finally the advanced nations of today,” he wrote.

“For poor countries with large young populations, growing fast should be easy: open up, create some form of market economy, invest in human and physical capital, don’t be unlucky and don’t blow it. Catch-up and convergence should do the rest,” Buiter added.

Buiter has constructed a “3G index” to measure economic progress; 3G stands for “Global Growth Generators” and is a weighted average of six growth drivers that the Citigroup economists consider important:

1. A measure of domestic saving/ investment
2. A measure of demographic prospects
3. A measure of health
4. A measure of education
5. A measure of the quality of institutions and policies
6. A measure of trade openness

Using that index the nations to watch over the coming years are Bangladesh, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Mongolia, Nigeria, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam.

“They are our 3G countries,” Buiter said.

The Recovery That Never Was

It is my belief that as the headlines continue to roll in about fiscal woes from sea to shining sea that we are going to get a full appreciation for the fraud that has been perpetrated on the American people in the form of the ‘economic recovery’ that the media has been stumping for since the middle of 2009. This ‘wag the dog’ type undertaking has been about confidence, perceptions, and little else. Absolutely, there are pockets of the nation where people have found work. After all, when your government dumps nearly a trillion dollars into the economy it is going to have SOME effect. Our goal from the beginning of these hyperstimulation maneuvers was to point out the unsustainability of this course of action and more importantly to predict the consequences thereof.

Is .4% really that big of a deal?

This morning, the Commerce Department revised its GDP estimate for the fourth quarter of 2010 by .4% to the downside. That in and of itself is certainly not newsworthy, but the reasons given for the downward revision most certainly are. For the first time in quite a while, the government and the media are actually allowing the light of truth to shine into government reporting. One of the biggest reasons (which has been included in many headlines) is that cuts in state government spending are largely responsible for the cut in GDP. So what, that is common sense isn’t it? It will be, but let’s analyze. I’ve talked many times about how GDP numbers have been overstated because they included government spending that comes from borrowed money. While those discussions generally focused on the federal government, this includes the states too. The states issue debt in the form of general obligation and specific bonds to do much of their spending since they, like the federal government, are largely insolvent. This spent borrowed money counts in GDP the same as a dollar spent that had been kept in savings. The thesis proposed months ago was a simple one; the states are going into extremis and when they do, down goes GDP. Double that for the federal government.

This is one of the biggest reasons that no one in Washington really wants to cut government spending, putting the rhetoric aside. They all know that if they were to cut a trillion dollars from the federal budget that GDP would fall by around 1/14th and we’d have an instant depression. Yet at the same time, a trillion dollar cut in spending is exactly what needs to happen along with a bevy of program reforms; and that is just for starters. Hopefully this gives you a better appreciation of the predicament we’re in as a nation. This is one of the reasons I think politicians are taking up the stance that they agree cuts need to be made, but can’t agree on which ones. This will give them all political cover to maintain the status quo thereby cutting essentially nothing, while making much in the way of fanfare over insignificant token cuts. The idea of shutting down the government and its massive entitlement system has already been floated to scare people into pressuring their leaders into maintaining the status quo. Stay tuned; it gets better.

Chaste Consumers?

Consumers also did not escape blame for the lack of more vigorous ‘growth’. Spending had originally been thought to have increased at a 4.4% annualized rate. It turns out spending likely only increased at 4.1%. Bad consumers! From our good friend Jeannine at AP:

“Consumers spent a little less than first thought. Their spending rose at a rate of 4.1 percent, slightly smaller than the initial estimate of 4.4 percent. Still, it was the best showing since 2006. And it suggests Americans will play a larger role this year in helping the economy grow, especially with more money from a Social Security tax cut.”

Talk about opinion shaping. This should be another indicator that nobody is really intent on fixing anything. While I am all in favor of a tax cut, one without reform seems rather obtuse, especially given the fact that Social Security is already in the red and busted out beyond description in terms of its unfunded promises. The program needs a massive overhaul, not insipid palliatives.

What cannot be left alone in the above press line is the suggestion that consumers are going to lift the economy in such a Herculean manner. First of all, let’s get it straight that much of the ‘gain’ in consumer spending (as measured by retail sales) came from the fact that consumers are paying more for food and gasoline and, sadly, have increased their debt burdens slightly to do so. More unsustainability.

To demonstrate this, I’ll show a couple of charts; the first is the slight, but significant increase in consumer credit followed by the steady increases in both food and energy prices throughout all of 2010:

Consumer Credit Outstanding

Now let’s get a better idea of where at least a portion of those borrowed dollars went – first food and beverage prices:

Food Price Increases

Now, for energy…

Consumers paying more for staple goods doesn’t constitute economic growth, yet this is exactly what the Keynesian deficit-lovers would have you believe. And we know the CPI is in most cases grossly understating the real increases, but at least you now have a visualization of the issue. It may very well be that this next boom in consumer indebtedness comes more from necessity rather than greed and avarice. With the labor market still incredibly soft, and thousands of discouraged workers falling out of the BLS counts each month, the credit card is the only place many people will be able to fill the gap.

Further anecdotal evidence that supports the notion that this ‘recovery’ was nearly entirely a contrived event (thanks to borrowed government money and increasing prices of finished goods) is the housing market. Home prices have continued to drop despite the frantic calls of ‘bottom’ from market analysts, hopeful professional associations like NAR, and the mainstream press. Foreclosures continue to mount and even CNBC got on the bandwagon a few weeks back reporting that around 11% of all homes in the US are now sitting empty. A genuine bottom up fix would have corrected many of these problems. Spending a trillion dollars to rebuild our manufacturing base would have created jobs beyond those necessary to do the building. It would have employed people on an ongoing basis, miraculously converting bad debts into good ones. Instead we chose to do a top-down fix, lavishing trillions of dollars on banks, brokerages, and lobbyists in the hope that a few bucks might find their way to Joe Q. Public. It reeks of too much textbook and too little practicality.

The recovery that never was is over. Continuation of the current state of affairs will result in further debt accumulation by a system that is ready to disintegrate on its own weight. Assuming the consumer can step in and spend up where even state governments leave off is an absurd idea. Assuming they can fill the black hole left by a gutted and fiscally impotent federal government is laughable.

Freddie Mac Continues to Lose Money

Published on: 02/24/2011
Categories: Current Events, Economics
Comments: 1 Comment

Government-controlled mortgage buyer Freddie Mac managed a narrower loss of $1.7 billion for the October-December quarter of last year. But it has asked for an additional $500 million in federal aid – up from the $100 million it sought in the previous quarter.

Freddie Mac also posted a $19.8 billion loss for all of 2010. The government rescued Freddie Mac and sibling company Fannie Mae in September 2008 to cover their losses on soured mortgage loans. It estimates the bailouts will cost taxpayers as much as $259 billion. Freddie Mac’s October-December loss attributable to common stockholders works out to 53 cents a share. It takes into account $1.6 billion in dividend payments to the government. It compares with a loss of $7.8 billion, or $2.39 a share, in the fourth quarter of 2009. The company said the recovery of the housing market is still fragile.

“As we begin 2011, the housing recovering remains vulnerable to high levels of unemployment, delinquencies and foreclosures,” Chief Executive Charles Haldeman said in a statement. “We expect national home prices to decline this year as housing will continue to take some time to recover.” Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac own or guarantee about half of all mortgages in the U.S., or nearly 31 million home loans worth more than $5 trillion. Along with other federal agencies, they played some part in almost 90 percent of new mortgages over the past year. Fannie and Freddie buy home loans from banks and other lenders, package them into bonds with a guarantee against default and sell them to investors around the world. The government’s estimated cost of bailing out the mortgage giants far exceeds the $132.3 billion they have received from taxpayers so far.

That would make theirs the costliest bailout of the financial crisis. The two have been hit by massive losses on risky mortgages purchased from 2005 through 2008. The companies have tightened their lending standards after those loans started to go bad. Default rates on new loans are far lower. The Obama administration unveiled a plan earlier this month to slowly dissolve the two mortgage giants. The aim is to shrink the government’s role in the mortgage system. The proposal would remake decades of federal policy aimed at getting Americans to buy homes and probably would make home loans more expensive. Exactly how far the government’s role in mortgages would be reduced was left to Congress to decide. But all three options the administration presented would create a housing finance system that relies far more on private money. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner will face questions from lawmakers next week at a congressional hearing on the proposal.

List of Troubled Banks Reaches 18-Year High

Published on: 02/24/2011
Categories: Current Events, Economics
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The number of banks at risk of failing made up nearly 12 percent of all federally insured banks in the final three months of 2010, the highest level in 18 years.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corp said Wednesday that the number of banks on its confidential “problem” list rose to 884 in the October-December quarter, up from 860 in the previous quarter. Those are banks rated by examiners as having very low capital cushions against risk.

Twenty-two banks have failed so far this year. And more banks are at risk, even as reported the industry’s highest earnings as a group since the financial crisis hit three years ago.

Only a small fraction of the 7,657 federally insured banks about 1.4 percent with assets of more than $10 billion are driving the bulk of the earnings growth. They are the largest banks, including Bank of America Corp., Citigroup Inc., JPMorgan Chase & Co. and Wells Fargo & Co.

The big banks accounted for about $20.6 billion of the industry earnings of $21.7 billion in the fourth quarter. The total earnings compared with a net loss of $1.8 billion in the same quarter of 2009. The agency said bank earnings were buoyed in the latest quarter by reduced charges for soured loans.

Most of the big banks have recovered with help from federal bailout money and record-low borrowing rates. On the other side, many smaller banks are struggling.

Last year, 157 U.S. banks were brought down by the soured economy and mounting loan defaults. That was the most in one year since 1992, the height of the savings and loan crisis. They were mostly smaller or regional banks. The failures compare with 25 in 2008 and three in 2007. They cost the federal deposit insurance fund an estimated $21 billion in 2010.

Smaller and regional banks depend heavily on making loans for commercial property and development sectors that have suffered huge losses. Companies shut down in the recession, vacating shopping malls and office buildings financed by the loans.

Overall, banks’ net income reached a three-year high of $87.5 billion in the October-December quarter. That contrasted with a loss of $10.6 billion in 2009. But Bair said banks need to lend more vigorously as the economy recovers.

Bank industry revenue remained fairly strong through the financial crisis, FDIC Chairman Sheila Bair noted, but there is little “upward momentum.”

“A key reason why revenues haven’t grown faster is that loans have not been growing,” Bair said at a news conference. “It’s not going as at fast a pace as I would like to see.”

The problem is partly due to continued uncertainty about the economy on the part of bankers, Bair said. But she added: “I also think that banks need to get back to the basics of making loans.”

Loan balances declined at a majority of U.S. banks in the October-December quarter, falling by $51.8 billion, or 0.4 percent, from the July-September quarter.

A change reported Monday by Bank of America for results from its FIA Card Services subsidiary for 2009 and 2010 caused the FDIC to significantly revise its industry earnings for the three past quarters. For the January-March quarter of 2009, industry net income was revised to a $6.5 billion net loss from the previously reported $7.6 billion profit. The net loss in the April-June quarter of 2009 widened to $12.7 billion from $3.7 billion, and net income in the July-September quarter of 2010 increased to $24.7 billion from $14.5 billion.

The FDIC’s deposit insurance fund, which fell into the red in 2009, posted a slight improvement in the October-December quarter. Its deficit narrowed to $7.4 billion from $8 billion in the third quarter. Bair said the agency expects the balance to turn positive this year.

The spate of bank failures that began to accelerate in 2008 are expected to cost the insurance fund about $100 billion through 2013.

The FDIC is backed by the government, and deposits are guaranteed up to $250,000 per account. Also, the agency still has tens of billions in loss reserves apart from the insurance fund.

Saudis Doing What We Do Best

Editor’s Note: Now that the King is scared, he’s tackling popular dissent the American way – with handouts..

The king, who had been convalescing in Morocco after back surgery in New York in November, stood as he descended from the plane in a special lift. He then took to a wheelchair.

Hundreds of men in white robes performed a traditional Bedouin sword dance on carpets laid out at Riyadh airport for the return of the monarch, thought to be 87.

Abdullah left his ailing octogenarian half-brother, Crown Prince Sultan, in charge during his absence.

Before Abdullah arrived, state media announced an action plan to help lower- and middle-income people among the 18 million Saudi nationals. It includes pay rises to offset inflation, unemployment benefits and affordable family housing.

Saudi Arabia has so far escaped popular protests against poverty, corruption and oppression that have raged across the Arab world, toppling entrenched leaders in Egypt and Tunisia and even spreading to Bahrain, linked to the kingdom by a causeway.

Significantly, Bahrain’s King Hamad bin Isa was among the princes thronging the tarmac when Abdullah flew in.

King Hamad freed about 250 political prisoners on Wednesday and has offered dialogue with protesters, mostly from Bahrain’s Shi’ite majority, who demand more say in the Sunni-ruled island.

Riyadh would be worried if unrest in Bahrain, where seven people were killed and hundreds wounded last week, spread to its own disgruntled Shi’ite minority in the oil-rich east.

“DAY OF RAGE”

Hundreds of people have backed a Facebook call for a Saudi “day of rage” on March 11 to demand an elected ruler, greater freedom for women and the release of political prisoners.

Saudi analysts said the king might soon reshuffle his cabinet to inject fresh blood and revive stalled reforms.

Saudi stability is of global concern. A key U.S. ally, the top OPEC producer holds more than a fifth of world oil reserves.

The king announced no political reforms such as municipal council polls demanded by opposition groups. Saudi Arabia has no elected parliament or parties and allows little public dissent.

Jeddah-based Saudi analyst Turad al-Amri welcomed what he called “a nice gesture” from the king, saying the measures were not unprecedented or prompted by Arab protests elsewhere.

But other Saudis were critical. “We want rights, not gifts,” said Fahad Aldhafeeri in one typical message on Twitter.

“They are under pressure. They have to do something. We know Saudi Arabia is surrounded by revolutions of various types, and not just in poor countries, but in some such as Libya which are rich,” said Mai Yamani, at London’s Chatham House think tank. “Basically what the king is doing is good, but it’s an old message of using oil money to buy the silence, subservience and submission of the people,” she said. “The new generation of revolution is surrounding them from everywhere.”

Mahmoud Sabbagh, 28, said he and 45 other young Saudi activists had sent the king a petition advocating more profound change, not just economic handouts. He listed the group’s demands as “national reform, constitutional reform, national dialogue, elections and female participation.”

Saudi Arabia holds more than $400 billion in net foreign assets, but faces social pressures such as housing shortages and high youth unemployment in a fast-growing population.

“Housing and job creation for Saudis are two structural challenges this country is facing,” said John Sfakianakis, chief economist at Banque Saudi Fransi, who put the total value of the king’s measures at 140 billion riyals ($37 billion).

He said some benefits were one-off and others were already budgeted. “The inflationary impact will not be significant.”

G20 member Saudi Arabia has outlined spending of 580 billion riyals for 2011 in its third consecutive record budget.

Investment bank EFG-Hermes put the king’s benefit package at 100 billion riyals, saying it could rally a stock market that lost 4 percent in the past week on unrest in Bahrain and elsewhere.

Ahmad al-Omran, who runs the popular Saudi Jeans blog, said on Twitter that the measures would benefit many people, but were equivalent to fighting the symptoms and ignoring the disease.

“People don’t revolt because they are hungry. People revolt because they want their dignity, because they want to govern themselves. Money won’t solve our issues. We need true political and social reform. We need freedom, justice and dignity.”

The Libyan Plot Thickens?

There’s been virtually no reliable information coming out of Tripoli, but a source close to the Gaddafi regime I did manage to get hold of told me the already terrible situation in Libya will get much worse. Among other things, Gaddafi has ordered security services to start sabotaging oil facilities. They will start by blowing up several oil pipelines, cutting off flow to Mediterranean ports. The sabotage, according to the insider, is meant to serve as a message to Libya’s rebellious tribes: It’s either me or chaos.

Two weeks ago this same man had told me the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt would never touch Libya. Gaddafi, he said, had a tight lock on all of the major tribes, the same ones that have kept him in power for the past 41 years. The man of course turned out to be wrong, and everything he now has to say about Gaddafi’s intentions needs to be taken in that context. (See TIME’s exclusive interview with Gaddafi.)

The source went on and told me that Gaddafi’s desperation has a lot to with the fact that he now can only count on the loyalty of his tribe, the Qadhadhfa. And as for the army, as of Monday he only has the loyalty of approximately 5,000 troops. They are his elite forces, the officers all handpicked. Among them is the unit commanded by his second youngest son Khamis, the 32nd Brigade. (The total strength of the regular Libyan army is 45,000.)

My Libyan source said that Gaddafi has told people around him that he knows he cannot retake Libya with the forces he has. But what he can do is make the rebellious tribes and army officers regret their disloyalty, turning Libya into another Somalia. “I have the money and arms to fight for a long time,” Gaddafi reportedly said. (See TIME’s special report “The Middle East in Revolt.”)

As part of the same plan to turn the tables, Gaddafi ordered the release from prison of the country’s Islamic militant prisoners, hoping they will act on their own to sow chaos across Libya. Gaddafi envisages them attacking foreigners and rebellious tribes. Couple that with a shortage of food supplies, and any chance for the rebels to replace Gaddafi will be remote.

My Libyan source said that in order to understand Gaddafi’s state of mind we need to understand that he feels deeply betrayed by the media, which he blames for sparking the revolt. In particular, he blames the Qatari TV station al-Jazeera, and is convinced it targeted him for purely political motivations. He also feels betrayed by the West because it has only encouraged the revolt. Over the weekend, he warned several European embassies that if he falls, the consequence will be a flood of African immigration that will “swamp” Europe. (Comment on this story.)

Pressed, my Libyan source acknowledged Gaddafi is a desperate, irrational man, and his threats to turn Libya into another Somalia at this point may be mostly bluffing. On the other hand, if Gaddafi in fact enjoys the loyalty of troops he thinks he has, he very well could take Libya to the brink of civil war, if not over.

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